Description

Prostate Cancer, Science and Clinical Practice, Second Edition, continues to be an important translational reference that bridges the gap between science and clinical medicine. It reviews the biological processes that can be implicated in the disease, reviews current treatments, highlights the pitfalls where relevant, and examines the scientific developments that might result in future treatments.

Key chapters from the previous edition have been updated, and a plethora of new chapters describe new concepts of prostate cancer biology and newly developed therapeutics. Each chapter has been written by internationally recognized specialists on prostate cancer epidemiology, genetic susceptibility, cancer metastases, prostate physiology, proteomics, new therapeutics, and clinical trials.


Key Features

•Presents a comprehensive, translational source for all aspects of prostate cancer in one reference work
•Provides a common language for cancer researchers, oncologists, and urologists to discuss prostate tumors and how prostate cancer metastases affects other major organ systems
•Offers insights to research clinicians, giving them a key understanding the molecular basis of prostate cancer
•Offers insights to cancer researchers into how clinical observations and practices can feed back into the research cycle and, therefore, can contribute to the development of more targeted genomic and proteomic assays

Table of Contents

List of Contributors
Preface

Part I: Etiology, Pathology, and Tumor Biology Chapter 1: Population Screening for Prostate Cancer and Early Detection Abstract
Introduction
Specific criticisms of the USPSTF report
Screening special at-risk populations
Impact of age on prostate screening decisions
Screening/risk assessment in young men
Screening PSA in older men
Conclusions

Chapter 2: Inflammation and Infection in the Etiology of Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Histologic prostatic inflammation and prostate cancer
Proliferative inflammatory atrophy
Mechanisms of inflammatory carcinogenesis
Clinical prostatitis and prostate cancer
Infection
Prostatic calculi and other physical or chemical irritants
Changes in genes associated with infection/inflammation that increase the risk of PCA
Diet and prostate cancer risk
Biomarkers for inflammation and prostate cancer
Chemoprevention with ASA or NSAIDs
Conclusions

Chapter 3: Androgen Receptor Abstract
Introduction
Androgen receptor structure and function
Androgen receptor and the prostate
Androgen receptor activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Conclusions

Chapter 4: Novel Research on Fusion Genes and Next-Generation Sequencing Abstract
Recurrent translocations in prostate cancer
Spectrum of point mutation and copy number alterations in prostate cancer
Conclusions

Chapter 5: Should Gleason Score 6 Still Be Called Cancer? Abstract
Introduction
Molecular characteristic of Gleason pattern 3 versus 4
Natural history of treated Gleason 6 cancer
Natural history of untreated Gleason 6 cancer
Undergrading
Nomenclature
Conclusions

Chapter 6: High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Atypical Glands Abstract
Introduction
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Atypical small acinar proliferation
Conclusions

Chapter 7: Prostate Cancer in the Elderly Abstract
Introduction
The magnitude of prostate cancer in elderly men
Pathologic characteristics
PSA screening and diagnosis with prostate biopsy
Treatment
Patient preferences and treatment practice patterns in the elderly with prostate cancer
Fitness for prostate cancer treatment in the elderly
Treatment of prostate cancer in elderly patients
Conclusions

Chapter 8: Prostate Cancer and Other Primary Malignancies Abstract
Background
Prostate cancer and bladder cancer
Prostate cancer and kidney cancer
Prostate cancer and colorectal cancer
Treatment of multiple malignancies

Chapter 9: Biopsy Prophylaxis, Technique, Complications, and Repeat Biopsies Abstract
Biopsy prophylaxis
Biopsy technique and specimen processing
Complications
Repeat biopsies
Conclusions

Chapter 10: Total and Free PSA, PCA3, PSA Density and Velocity Abstract
Introduction
PSA
PSA Density
PSA Velocity
PCA3

Chapter 11: Imaging in Localized Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Ultrasound
Magnetic resonance imaging
MR spectroscopic imaging
PET/CT
Conclusions


Part II: Genetic Susceptibility and Hereditary Predisposition, Screening, and Counseling

Chapter 12: Prostate Cancer Prevention: Strategies and Realities Abstract
Introduction
Chemoprevention
Lifestyle factors in prostate cancer prevention
The future of prostate cancer prevention
Acknowledgment

Chapter 13: Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Guidelines Abstract
What is PSA?
What is the natural history of prostate cancer?
Are prostate cancer treatments effective?
Is prostate-specific antigen an effective screening test?
Are there risks associated with PSA screening?
What advice should physicians give their patients?
Future directions and research needs


Part III: Epidemiology

Chapter 14: Cancer of the Prostate: Incidence in the USA Abstract
Introduction
Modern trends in prostate cancer diagnosis in the United States
Risk factors for the development of prostate cancer
Future of prostate cancer incidence in the United States

Chapter 15: International Trends in Prostate Cancer Abstract
Incidence rates of prostate cancer
PSA screening
Genetic links
Mortality
Conclusions

Chapter 16: Race, Ethnicity, Marital Status, Literacy, and Prostate Cancer Outcomes in the United States Abstract
Epidemiology
Prostate cancer disparity in African-American men
Marital status and prostate cancer outcomes
The impact of literacy and numeracy
Strategies to reduce disparity in high-risk populations

Chapter 17: Hereditary Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiologic studies of family history and prostate cancer risk
Segregation and linkage studies
Genome-wide association studies in prostate cancer
Next-generation sequencing in prostate cancer
Direct to consumer genetic testing
Conclusions

Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Neuroendocrine cells in the healthy prostate
Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer
Clinical challenges and opportunities
Conclusions

Chapter 19: Breast and Prostate Cancers: A Comparison of Two Endocrinologic Malignancies Abstract
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Screening
Prevention
Endocrinology
Molecular cross talk
Management
Advanced disease
Dormancy
Discussion


Part IV: Prevention of Prostate Cancer

Chapter 20: Heart Healthy = Prostate Healthy and S.A.M. are the Ideal “Natural” Recommendations for Prostate Cancer Abstract
Key points
Introduction
Primary prevention trials utilizing a pharmacologic agent – the untold story
Notable dietary supplement cancer prevention trials – the untold story
Multivitamins and other dietary supplements – less is more
Lifestyle matters (heart healthy = prostate healthy)
The importance of S.A.M. (statins, aspirin, and/or metformin) and prostate cancer
Conclusions – solving the diet and supplement debate

Chapter 21: Effects of Smoking, Alcohol, and Exercise on Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol
Physical activity
Conclusions

Chapter 22: Environmental and Occupational Exposures and Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Agent Orange
Pesticides and farming
Endocrine disruptors
Vitamin D and sunlight
Metals
Rubber manufacturing
Whole body vibration
Other exposures
Conclusions

Chapter 23: Level-1 Data From the REDUCE Study and the PCPT Data Abstract
Introduction
Incidence
Factors for increased risk of prostate cancer
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)
Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE)
The controversy
Conclusions


Part V: Conservative Management

Chapter 24: Decision Support for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Abstract
Introduction
Defining indolent prostate cancer
Individualized predictions
Which prediction model to use?
Clinical applicability
Future perspectives
Conclusions

Chapter 25: Active Surveillance: Rationale, Patient Selection, Follow-up, and Outcomes Abstract
Introduction
Background
The rationale for surveillance: the natural history and molecular biology of low-grade prostate cancer
Genetic features of low-grade prostate cancer
Metastatic potential
Who is a candidate?
Surveillance follow-up protocols
Conclusions


Part VI: Surgery

Chapter 26: Preoperative Risk Assessment Abstract
Introduction
Life expectancy
Predictors of final pathology
Partin Tables
Preoperative predictors of biochemical recurrence
D’Amico criteria
CAPRA score
Stephenson nomogram
Preoperative predictors of mortality
The use of pretreatment imaging to predict outcomes
Conclusions

Chapter 27: Is Surgery Still Necessary for Prostate Cancer? Abstract
Stage migration: increased incidence of localized prostate cancer
Comparative effectiveness research (CER) among different approaches
Challenges to CER among treatments for localized PCa
Risk stratification of localized PCa
Comparing oncological outcomes: RCTs and observational studies
Comparing HRQOL
Comparing costs: who pays?
High-risk disease and surgery as part of a multimodal approach
Salvage RP
Conclusions

Chapter 28: Indications for Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Abstract
Introduction
Risk stratification for performing pelvic lymphadenectomy
Anatomic extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy
Does pelvic lymph node dissection confer a therapeutic benefit (i.e., a survival advantage)
Can preoperative imaging aid the decision process to perform LND?
Conclusions

Chapter 29: The Surgical Anatomy of the Prostate Abstract
The prostate
Seminal vesicles
Fasciae
Pelvic musculature
Neuroanatomy
Vascular anatomy

Chapter 30: Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Abstract
Introduction
Indications and contraindications
Operative technique
Radical prostatectomy additional considerations
Postoperative complications
Outcomes
Conclusions

Chapter 31: Radiation-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Salvage Prostatectomy Abstract
Radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Detection of a recurrence after radiotherapy
Postradiotherapy prostate biopsy when recurrence is strongly suspected
Imaging studies to detect a recurrence after radiotherapy
Salvage radical prostatectomy
Complications and quality of life
Conclusions

Chapter 32: Postradical Prostatectomy Incontinence Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy
Evaluation of men with postprostatectomy incontinence
Conservative therapy
Surgical planning
Urethral bulking agents
Periurethral constrictors
Continence balloon device
Perineal slings
Artificial urinary sphincter
Stem cell therapy
Conclusions

Chapter 33: Prognostic Significance of Positive Surgical Margins and Other Implications of Pathology Report Abstract
Introduction
Positive surgical margins
Tertiary Gleason pattern
Lymphovascular invasion
Seminal vesicle invasion
Lymph node positive disease
Conclusions
Acknowledgment

Chapter 34: Open Versus Robotic Prostatectomy Abstract
Introduction
Surgical technique
Factors influencing outcomes
Functional outcomes
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